Clinical and Medical Case Reports

Anesthesiology is the branch of medicine specializing in the use of drugs including resuscitation, intensive respiratory care and pain management. Anesthesiologists along with the surgical team, work in collaboration to provide medical care to patients. Anesthesia drugs can be used intravenously to induce sedation in patients that work effectively in pain relief.

Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology, and diseases related to the eye and its appendages. This field covers important topics like cataract progression and deposition, retinal detachment, corneal graft rejection and much more. Sometimes due to the spread of cancers through blood or lymph, primary tumors arise in the eye which is known as retinoblastoma in children and melanoma in adults. Secondary tumors may also occur in the eye.

Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that is associated with providing proper medical and health care to infants, children, and adolescents (from birth through adolescence). The goal of a paediatrician is to treat and diagnose infections, injuries, congenital conditions and organ dysfunctions in a child in order to give him a long disease-free life. Some of the various subspecialties’ of pediatric include Pediatric haematology, Pediatric allergy and immunology, Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric critical care, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Pediatric Oncology, Pediatric neuropsychology and Pediatric Surgery.

Cardiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the blood circulatory system and its pump i.e the heart. Disorders of the heart and the vascular system are collectively known as the disorders of the cardiovascular system. Hypertension, Arrhythmias, coronary artery disease and congenital heart defects are some cardiac disease conditions. Recent topics in cardiology research include radiation associated with cardiac disease, pediatric cardiology, cardiovascular imaging studies etc.

Neurology is defined as the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the nervous system that comprises the brain and the spinal cord. Extensive research is going on in the study of common neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer disease, and migraine. Clinical neurophysiology is the sub-specialization of the branch of medicine which is associated with nerve conduction studies and electrodiagnostic medicine.

Human pathology is a branch of medicine concerned with the study of diseases in Humans. Pathological research can help in the understanding of human diseases. Recently prostrate cancer research has opened a door for precision medicine by three in one blood test and hence holds promise to transform the treatment of the disease.

Dermatology is a branch of medication worried about the determination, treatment, and counteractive action of illnesses of the skin, hair, nails, oral pit and private parts. Here and there likewise, restorative care and improvement. The stylish prescription is a wide term that applies to any claim to fame that includes the way toward changing a patient's physical appearance. Either to improve a man's face and body or decline the danger of specific sorts of sicknesses including stoutness.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which the blood sugar level is more than the normal sugar level in the body. The normal sugar level is before the meal is 70–99 mg/dl. Normal sugar level after the meal is 140 mg/dl. It is a disorder in which either body doesn’t produce enough insulin or can’t make use of its own insulin.

Oncology is a branch of medicine that focusses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of malignancy or cancer. Cancers can be broadly classified into carcinomas, sarcomas, leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain and spinal cord cancers based on the origin of cancer in the body. It is caused due to both inheritable and environmental reasons. It includes medical oncology, radiation oncology and surgical oncology. People with autoimmune disorders like (eg. celiac disease) are at high risk of cancer.

Public and mental health is part of improving public health and preventing the onset of mental and emotional stress and bolster resilience by public health research.
It includes:

• Depression
• Anxiety disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Personality disorder

Obstetrics is a medical speciality that deals with pregnancy, childbirth and pregnancy complications. Gynecology or “the science of women” is associated with the treatment and diagnosis of the female reproductive system and the breasts. These two fields are often compiled together and collectively known as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN). Obstetric Cholestasis a common liver disorder where the normal flow of bile from the liver is reduced and occurs frequently among pregnant women. Cancers of the female reproductive organ like cervical cancers, endometrial and ovarian cancers are studied in a separate subspeciality of gynecology known as gynecological oncology. Gynecologists use reproductive medicine for abortions, and also to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism leading to maternal mortality during the post partum period. The first case report of the spread of zika virus through sexual contact was reported in 2016 which made the disease an enduring health challenge.

Surgery employs operations in the treatment of disease or injury to improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas. There are different types of surgeries based on timing, purpose, type of procedure, by body part, degree of invasiveness of surgical procedures and by equipment used. The most common type of surgeries are: Bariatric surgery: this surgery is usually performed on people suffering from obesity. Either the size of the stomach is reduced by using a gastric band or the small intestine is redirected to a smaller stomach pouch. These two techniques are normally used to achieve weight loss. Pediatric surgery is a type of general surgery that deals with the children from their infancy to their teenage years. Cardiothoracic surgery: this type of surgery deals with surgical treatment of the thoracic mainly the heart and chest. Oral and maxillofacial surgery: this deals with the treating disorders and diseases of the mouth or oral cavity and the jaw (maxilla). Vascular surgery is the treatment of disorders of the vascular system. Plastic surgery is concerned with restoration of defects and deformities in the human body.

It is the application of genetics to the medical care that involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders. It is the multi-dimensional study of medically significant human genetic variation. Mainly three branches fall under this category: they are molecular genetics, cytogenetics and biochemical genetics.

Clinical Nursing may be a branch of nursing with innovative instructive arrangement and talent in an exceedingly strength region of nursing follow, has a remarkable APRN (Advance follow Registered Nurse) half - to reinforce healthful services quality. A Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) is Associate in Nursing non-commissioned nurture World Health Organization is perceived as a senior individual from employees over all territories of coaching nevertheless particularly in intense care and exhibits a lot of elevated quantity of ability in their clinical basic leadership, notably with regards to issue recognizable proof and arrangement, and examining and translating clinical data. Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs) offer guide care to patients in one in all a scope of claims to fame, for instance, paediatrics, geriatrics, crisis care and medical speciality. CNSs could likewise fill in as specialists, serving to alternative healthful consultants making an attempt to reinforce persistent results and impact all levels of care.

Plastic surgery is a branch of Science concerned with improving the function or enhancing the appearance of parts of the body through reconstructive or cosmetic medical procedures. It includes surgical repair or restoration of an injured area. Surgical procedures Include blepharoplasty, rhinoplasty and breast augmentation. Nonsurgical Procedures includes chemical peels and botulinum toxin injections.

Psychology involves the study of mind and behaviour. Psychologists explore concepts such as perception, cognition, emotion, intelligence, phenomenology, motivation, attention, brain functioning, personality, behaviour, and interpersonal relationships also including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychological knowledge is often greatly used to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, ultimately aims to benefit society.

Autopsy is performed to gain more insight into the factors that contributed to the patients death and also to maintain standard care in Hospitals. Case Reports in Autopsy can help us understand how future patient deaths can be prevented in future. Usually Autopsy consists of several stages: first there is an external examination, followed by Internal examination and then the reconstitution of the body. Thus, Autopsy ‘s shed light on Medical Diagnosis and can help in advancing healthcare.

Urology or genitourinary surgery is a specialization branch of medicine which deals with matters of the male and female urinary tract and male reproductive organs mainly the prostate gland. Urinary tract infection is more prevalent in females than in males. Common male urology disorders include incontinence, male infertility, vasectomy, vasectomy reversal, penile implant and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and elevated PSA. Among females, interstitial cystitis, bladder infection and an overactive bladder are more common.

Gastroenterology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Among diseases of the digestive system, gastrointestinal cancers, intragastric bleeding, GERD, ulcers, dysphagia, odynophagia, regurgitation, inflammatory and infectious disorders are most noticed.

Internal Medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with a broad range of diseases and health problems affecting the internal organs of the adult body. Internists are physicians who care for adults across the spectrum from health to complex illness. The Latest study is all about the Liver infections caused by Hepatitis c virus and Pulmonology infections. Emergency medicine is a medical speciality that is associated with providing acute patients immediate medical heed. Evidence-based medicine is the decisions about the care of individual patients by conscientious explicit and judicious use of current best evidence. Tropical medicine is the branch of medicine that occur primarily in tropical and subtropical regions which are unique and difficult to control and moreover widespread. Personalized medicine is associated with "tailoring " treatment based on the individual's problem or disease. Each person has a unique disease risk associated which often based on his genetic make-up/ genome. Hence research on this type of personalized treatment is on the rise. Translational medicine is the improvement of human health by reducing the disease incidence by applying the multidirectional integration of basic research in the biomedical field.

Radiology is the branch of medicine to diagnosis and treatment of disease by use of radioactive substances and high energy radiations. It includes both ionizing such as X-rays and non-ionizing radiations such as ultrasound. This field can be broadly divided into two area- diagnostic and interventional radiology. Subspecialties include Neuroradiology, musculoskeletal imaging, pediatric radiology etc. Case reports are used to analyze and identify a disease precisely and radiation therapy is used to treat cancer and some other diseases.

Drug interaction is the change in the drug’s effect when one drug alters the pharmacological effect of other drugs. This can reduce or increase the action of medicine and can cause several problems. It includes drug-drug interactions, drug-food interactions and drug-condition interaction.

Any disease caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and protozoans and can be spread from one individual to the other fall under the category of infectious diseases. Sometimes some helpful microorganisms may become opportunistic pathogens and cause disease. These diseases can be diagnosed by microscopy, microbial culture and biochemical tests or by metagenomic sequencing bioinformatic tools.

Health Administration directs the operations of hospitals, health systems and other types of organizations with proper administration and leadership to ensure the patients receive the best possible care which is assisted by health administration professionals. Public health professionals organise programs to teach healthy lifestyle habits and prevention of diseases and illness for promoting good health in the community.

Proctology is the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of rectum, colon, and anus. There are many disorders that can be treated by colorectal surgeries. Some of them include: Hemorrhoid is swollen, inflamed veins around the anus or lower rectum that cause discomfort and bleeding. These are also called Piles. Anal Fissure is a small, oval-shaped tear in the skin that lines the anus. Fistulas are an infected tunnel between the skin and the anus. Constipation is the delay or difficulty in bowel movements and the disorders caused are colonic inertia and pelvic floor dysfunction. Cecal perforation is one of the dreaded complications of appendicitis that leads to colorectal cancer also. Hematochezia is a condition in which fresh blood passes out of the anus along with stools.

Cancer Science aims to gift analysis that features a vital clinical impact on oncologists or which will alter the illness construct of a growth. Cancer isn't one illness. It's a bunch of quite a hundred completely different and distinctive diseases. Cancer will involve any tissue of the body and have many alternative forms in every body space. Most cancers are named for the cell or organ within which they begin. Cancer is that the name given to a set of connected diseases. Altogether forms of cancer, a number of the body's cells begin to divide no end and unfold into encompassing tissues.

Patient care management is a set of activities that are intended to assist patients and their support systems in managing medical conditions more effectively. It includes routine screenings, event focus, wellness exams and the management of long term chronic conditions. It is a time taking process but improves quality and to do so, we use cognitive task analysis to understand implementations in terms of such thinking as decision making, knowledge and communication.